Newspapers

toc =Newspapers=



What Are Newspapers?
A newspaper is a publication that contains a variety of current events for example: crime, education, entertainment, leisure, classifieds, sports, home, religion, business, and life. Newspapers tend to be a daily publication and are compiled by more than one author/reporter. (Stephens) Newspapers have been in an integral aspect of communication throughout history. Written documentation has been dated back to early stages of human existence. (Stephens) Newspapers have been a part of our everyday communication process. For example, many people read their daily newspapers to be informed about the events that occur within their community and region or national/international events.

The Timeline of Newspapers
(Information derived fromWorld Association of Newspaper)


 * **1450s** -Johannes Gutenberg had invented the printing press which was the movable type. This invention by Gutenberg enabled mass communication by allowing people to reproduce their writings onto print. This method was employed in Europe to communicate news to its citizens.
 * **1556** the Venetian government had published a monthly newspaper available for citizens for a fee.
 * **1588** In Germany Cologne, Michael Entzinger publishes the first newsbook that documented the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
 * **1639** There was the first American colonial printing press
 * **1812** Friedrich Koenig invents the Steam Powered Cylinder Press
 * **1880** First photographs appear in a newspaper
 * **1994** First independent on-line daily appears on the World Wide Web to allow others to view the newspaper online



[|]
 * Johannes Gutenberg**- inventer of the printing press

The Different Types of Newspapers
There are several different types of newspapers such as daily newspapers, weekly, and Sunday Newspapers. Daily newspapers are published everyday except for statutory holidays. Daily newspapers tend to follow more recent events and activities.

Controversies in Newspapers
Many feel that the media is very biased and in particular to newspapers, many feel that when certain newspaper corporations publish an event/occurence they portray the story from a certain point of view to induce the audience to agree with their perspective. (The American Society of Newspaper Editors) Quoted from the American Society of Newspaper Editors, "Among the majority of the public that believes the news media are biased, 42 percent see TV as the worst offender; 23 percent say that newspapers are the most biased news medium. " The American Society of Newspaper Editors define the word "bias" as not being open-minded and neutral about the facts being presented, shaping the news report to fit the agenda of the news company and/or showing favouritism to particular social/political groups.

The types of biases in newspaper can be broken down into the following:

 * 1) Bias by commission
 * 2) Bias by omission
 * 3) Bias by story selection
 * 4) Bias by placement
 * 5) Bias the selection of sources
 * 6) Bias by spin
 * 7) Bias by labelling
 * 8) Bias by policy endorsement or condemnation

How People Interpret Bias in Newspapers?
Many people have different interpretations of bias in newspapers and because of the differences they have different reactions to information that is biased. Bias will always exist in newspapers primarily because newspapers relay information about events and occurences and at the same time analyze the story from their perspective. The reason they do generate bias is to help shape the publics opinion and interpretation of the information. (Lautner 2002) If readers believe that the information source that they are reading are biased, the reader can make their own interpretations of the event and disagree with the author. People will be given a story and they have the choice if they would like to believe the story or the contrary.

Digitization of Newspapers
More recently the newspapers that we read daily are also accessible through the internet. There are many benefits to having the news readily available on the world wide web because top stories and events can be uploaded immediately. This allows the newspaper company to be up to date with the most recent events without having to wait for the next day to publish the occurence. Many newspaper companies have offered free viewing of the news through the internet however some do require you to sign up to have access to full details of certain articles. For example, [|The Toronto Star] is one of the newspaper companies that have you sign up in order for you to view full details of top stories.

There are many reasons as to why newspapers are becoming digital because they help preserve historical newspapers, save paper and make it easily accessible for people. (Hielmcrone) Which these benefits entice many corporations and libraries to go digital because of its advantages over print.

Controversies Surrounding the Digitization of Newspapers
Digitization may sound like the optimal idea to eliminate environmental issues and address the concerns of deterioration and accessibility, however there are disadvantages to digitization. One primary issue deals with copyright of the material being digitized. As digitization is the reproduction of ones work, permission does need to be granted from the publishers in order to duplicate the material. (Hielmcrone) In some countries digitization of work may not require the permission of the publisher if it a library that is reproducing the work (Hielmcrone), however that only exists in some countries.

=A List of Newspapers in Ontario= [|The TorontoStar] [|The Toronto Sun] [|Mississauga News] [|Barrie Examiner] [|Belleville Inteligencer] [|Brantford Expositor] [|Brockville Recorder And Times] [|Chatham Daily News] [|Cobourg Daily Star] [|Cornwall Standard-Freeholder] [|The Globe And Mail] [|Guelph Mercury] [|Hamilton Spectator] [|Kenora Daily Miner and News] [|Kingston Whig-Standard] [|Kitchener-Waterloo Record] [|Lindsay Daily Post] [|London Free Press] [|National Post] [|Niagara Falls Review] [|North Bay Nugget] [|Orrillia Packet & Times] [|Ottawa Citizen] [|Ottawa LeDroit] [|The Ottawa Sun]

=Bibliography=

"A Newspaper Timeline." __World Association of Newspaper__. 2004. 9 Nov. 2006 <[|http://www.wan-press.org/article2822.html>.]

Bellis, Mary. "Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press." __About__. 2006. 9 Nov. 2006 <[|http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blJohannesGutenberg.htm>.]

Lautner, J. Stephane. "Newspapers Biased Sources of Information." __The Hoya__. 15 Sept. 2002. 7 Dec. 2006 <[|http://www.thehoya.com/editorials/091702/edit3.cfm>.]

Hielmcrone, Harald V. "Copyright and Digitization of Newspapers in Denmark, Norway, Finland and Sweden." 7 Dec. 2006 <[|http://tiden.kb.se/Rep_Copyright.pdf>.]

"How to Identify Media Bias." __Fair Press__. 14 Nov. 2006 <[|http://www.fairpress.org/identify.htm>.]

"Newspaper." __Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia__. Wikipedia. 9 Nov. 2006 [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper.]

"Perceived Bias." __ASNE__. 10 Aug. 1999. The American Society of Newspaper Editors. 13 Nov. 2006 <[|http://www.asne.org/kiosk/reports/99reports/1999examiningourcredibility/p27-32_Bias.html>.]

Stephens, Mitchell. "History of Newspapers." __History of Newspapers for Collier's Encyclopedia__. 9 Nov. 2006 .