Design

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a collage made by me in design class (Fah146)

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Definition
Design is something made in such a way to present any data with deep semantic, in order to catch spectator’s attention. Every day we encounter several advertisements, books, TV programs, daily usage machinery, in fact our lives are surrounded among these designed stuff, from spatula to a car, and to our home. According to Wikipedia, design is usually considered in the context of applied arts, engineering, and architecture. Further, same resource enhances aesthetics, functional as some fundamental requirements of designing. It may contrast with purposelessness, randomness, or lack of complexity. Design is to make things look better, but not only in picture form... it can take simple organization of information to be claimed as design. Its the overall composition that can be looked at as Design... not only the creation of colours and images.

Area of Design
According to “Wicked Problems in Design Thinking”, Richard Buchanan proposes four areas of design 1. Design of symbolic and visual communication 2. Design of material object. 3. Design of activities and organized services 4. Design for complex system or environments for living, working, playing, and learning.

In symbolic and visual communication, according to Richard Buchanan, Graphic design says it all. This includes wide array of typography, advertising, books, magazine production and illustration, photography, film and television. In material object, he referred to everyday products, where elements of design can’t be neglected, for example products such as clothing, machinery, tools, etc.

Design elements
- Line - Shape - Form - Value - Color - Texture - Space - Proportion

Design Principle
- emphasis - Hierarchy - balance - legibility

Designing for error
According to Norman, there are several errors we made during the execution of some idea into final product that leads to the failure of that specific design. The error that we make on initial stages and frequently and which is easily predictable is called Capture error. Description errors are the ones where wrong and right objects are physically near. Sometimes our sensory mechanism wrongly process, which leads to Data-driven errors. Rest of the errors he mentioned are more related to our action, so its over flowing information to talk about them in design section. Another aspect he highlighted is about the mistakes and slips, where mistake is something that we intended to do, and slip is something that happens deliberately.

Design Paradigms
According to Warren K. Wake, 2002 there is always a Design Paradigms that exemplifies a distinct method of solving a problem. Furthermore, he elaborated that each paradigm embodies a fundamental design strategy. Moreover, it becomes a framework for explaining the workings of natural and designed objects. The examples he mentioned are as follow.

Example: 1. Simple shapes Ball, spiral, geodesic, oar, corrugation, sheet, disc, coil 2. Enclosure Skin, bubble, capsule, bag, cup, net, wrap, cave, coating 3. Bending and flexing Hinge, elbow, ball and socket, Gumby, flexstraw 4. Bigger and smaller Expansion/contraction, extension ladder, swelling/squashing 5. Binary object relations Siamese twins, lock & key, sexual connections, identical twins 6. Attaching Glue, adhesive tape, tacks, magnet, suction cup, clips/clamps 7. Passages Pipe, filter, bridge, umbilical cord, wire, gateway 8. Objects within objects Russian dolls, peas in a pod, reversible jacket 9. Multi-function objects Computer, Swiss Army Knife, convertible sofa

Design as genre expression
Design is a very broad field that deals with both the physical and electronic world. some times the problem is solved with paper and some time software’s are used so solve that problem. But either way, it is (design) required in every genre. Without design, it will be hard to figure out the specific category of that genre, whether its a music or it is TV show, someone holding a book or looking at the collage up there, every thing requires a proper design in order to present the meaning in well mannered and in a way it is making sense. Proper designing, where considering all the elements and principle leads to the success of that design, whereas, poor designing could leads to the failure of both the design and the designer. Similar need is identified by Universtiy of Toronto and Sheridan collage, so that is why they are offering course specifically on [|Design].

In addition to the aesthetic principles of design, there are human capacities and capabilities to take into consideration when designing things. For example, not everyone is able to see or hear perfectly and not everyone is able to walk. Ensuring that buildings are wheelchair accessible and that websites provide alt tags that can be read aloud from a screen reader to the blind are examples of how things can be designed to reach different people with different abilities or disability. In the United States, there is a movement that seeks this goal called Universal Design, whereas in the UK these principles fall under name Inclusive Design and the rest of Europe as Design for All.

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